Ibn Khaldun
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Ibn Khaldun
Ibn Khaldun.jpg
Portrait of Ibn Khaldun


Statue of Ibn Khaldun in Tunis
Born 27 May 1332 AD / 732 AH in Tunis
Died 19 March 1406 AD / 808 AH in Cairo
Era Medieval era
Region Ifriqiya
School Maliki madhab
Main interests History
Sociology
Notable ideas Asabiyyah
Influenced by[show]
Influenced[show]
Ibn Khaldūn (full name, Arabic: أبو زيد عبد الرحمن بن محمد بن خلدون الحضرمي‎, Abū Zayd ‘Abdu r-Raḥmān bin Muḥammad bin Khaldūn Al-Ḥaḍrami, May 27, 1332 AD/732 AH – March 19, 1406 AD/808 AH) was an Arab Muslim historiographer and historian, regarded to be among the founding fathers of modern historiography,[n 1] sociology[n 1] and economics.[1][n 2]
He is best known for his book The Muqaddimah (known as Prolegomena in Greek). The book influenced 17th-century Ottoman historians like Ḥajjī Khalīfa and Mustafa Naima who used the theories in the book to analyze the growth and decline of the Ottoman Empire.[2] 19th-century European scholars also acknowledged the significance of the book and considered Ibn Khaldun as one of the greatest philosophers to come out of the Muslim world.[3][4]



Ibn Khaldun's life is relatively well-documented, as he wrote an autobiography (التعريف بابن خلدون ورحلته غربا وشرقا; Al-Taʻrīf bi Ibn-Khaldūn wa Riħlatuhu Għarban wa Sharqan[5]) in which numerous documents regarding his life are quoted word-for-word. However, the autobiography has little to say about his private life, so little is known about his family background. Generally known as "Ibn Khaldūn" after a remote ancestor, he was born in Tunis in AD 1332 (732 A.H.) into an upper-class Andalusian family of Arab descent, the Banū Khaldūn. His family, which held many high offices in Andalusia, had emigrated to Tunisia after the fall of Seville to the Reconquista in AD 1248 . Under the Tunisian Hafsid dynasty some of his family held political office; Ibn Khaldūn's father and grandfather however withdrew from political life and joined a mystical order. His brother, Yahya Ibn Khaldun, was also a historian who wrote a book on the Abdalwadid dynasty, and who was assassinated by a rival for being the official historiographer of the court.[6]
In his autobiography, Ibn Khaldun traces his descent back to the time of Muhammad through an Arab tribe from Yemen, specifically the Hadhramaut, which came to Spain in the eighth century at the beginning of the Islamic conquest. In his own words: "And our ancestry is from Hadhramaut, from the Arabs of Yemen, via Wa'il ibn Hajar, from the best of the Arabs, well-known and respected." (p. 2429, Al-Waraq's edition). However, the biographer Mohammad Enan questions his claim, suggesting that his family may have been Muladis who pretended to be of Arab origin in order to gain social status.[7] Enan also mentions a well documented past tradition, concerning certain Berber groups, whereby they delusively "aggrandize" themselves with some Arab ancestry. The motive of such an invention was always the desire for political and societal ascendancy. Some speculate this of the Khaldun family; they elaborate that Ibn Khaldun himself was the product of the same Berber ancestry as the native majority of his birthplace. A point congenial to this posits that Ibn Khaldun's unusual written focus on, and admiration for Berbers reveals a deference towards them that is born of a vested interest in preserving them in the realm of conscious history; such is that which the true Arabs of his day would find no enthusiasm for and indeed a vested interest in suppressing. Moreover the special position that he affords Berbers in his work is fully vindicated upon comparing it with his vitriolic attitudes towards the Arab, and his relative disinterest in the state of affairs outside the Maghreb. In contrast, Muhammad Hozien chooses to believe: "The false [Berber] identity would be valid however at the time that Ibn Khaldun's ancestors left Andalusia and moved to Tunisia they did not change their claim to Arab ancestry. Even in the times when Berbers were ruling in Al-Andalus, the reigns of Almoravids and Almohads, the Ibn Khalduns did not reclaim their Berber heritage."[8]
Education[edit]
His family's high rank enabled Ibn Khaldun to study with the best teachers in Maghreb. He received a classical Islamic education, studying the Qur'an which he memorized by heart, Arabic linguistics, the basis for an understanding of the Qur'an, hadith, sharia (law) and fiqh (jurisprudence). He received certification (ijazah) for all these subjects.[9] The mathematician and philosopher, Al-Abili of Tlemcen, introduced him to mathematics, logic and philosophy, where he above all studied the works of Averroes, Avicenna, Razi and Tusi. At the age of 17, Ibn Khaldūn lost both his parents to the Black Death, an intercontinental epidemic of the plague that hit Tunis in 1348–1349.
Following family tradition, Ibn Khaldūn strove for a political career. In the face of a tumultuous political situation in North Africa, this required a high degree of skill developing and dropping alliances prudently, to avoid falling with the short-lived regimes of the time. Ibn Khaldūn's autobiography is the story of an adventure, in which he spends time in prison, reaches the highest offices and falls again into exile.
Early years in Tunis, Fes, Tlemcen and Granada[edit]


Birth home of Ibn Khaldoun at Tunis
The Mosque where Ibn Khaldoun used to teach his leassons


The Mosque where Ibn Khaldoun used to take his lessons


Ibn Khaldun on the 10 Tunisian dinar bill
At the age of 20, he began his political career at the Chancellery of the Tunisian ruler Ibn Tafrakin with the position of Kātib al-'Alāmah, which consisted of writing in fine calligraphy the typical introductory notes of official documents. In 1352, Abū Ziad, the Sultan of Constantine, marched on Tunis and defeated it. Ibn Khaldūn, in any case unhappy with his respected but politically meaningless position, followed his teacher Abili to Fez. Here the Marinid sultan Abū Inan Fares I appointed him as a writer of royal proclamations, which didn't prevent Ibn Khaldūn from scheming against his employer. In 1357 this brought the 25-year-old a 22-month prison sentence. Upon the death of Abū Inan in 1358, the vizier al-Hasān ibn-Umar granted him freedom and reinstated him in his rank and offices. Ibn Khaldūn then schemed against Abū Inan's successor, Abū Salem Ibrahim III, with Abū Salem's exiled uncle, Abū Salem. When Abū Salem came to power, he gave Ibn Khaldūn a ministerial position, the first position which corresponded with Ibn Khaldūn's ambitions.
The treatment Ibn Khaldun received after the fall of Abū Salem through Ibn-Amar ʻAbdullah, a friend of Ibn Khaldūn's, was not to his liking, he received no significant official position. At the same time, Amar successfully prevented Ibn Khaldūn – whose political skills he was well aware of – from allying with the Abd al-Wadids in Tlemcen. Ibn Khaldūn therefore decided to move to Granada. He could be sure of a positive welcome there, since at Fez he had helped the Sultan of Granada, the Nasrid Muhammad V, regain power from his temporary exile. In 1364 Muhammad entrusted him with a diplomatic mission to the King of Castile, Pedro the Cruel, to endorse a peace treaty. Ibn Khaldūn successfully carried out this mission, and politely declined Pedro's offer to remain at his court and have his family's Spanish possessions returned to him.
In Granada, Ibn Khaldūn quickly came into competition with Muhammad's vizier, Ibn al-Khatib, who saw the close relationship between Muhammad and Ibn Khaldūn with increasing mistrust. Ibn Khaldūn tried to shape the young Muhammad into his ideal of a wise ruler, an enterprise which Ibn al-Khatib thought foolish and a danger to peace in the country – and history proved him right. At al-Khatib's instigation, Ibn Khaldūn was eventually sent back to North Africa. Al-Khatib himself was later accused by Muhammad of having unorthodox philosophical views, and murdered, despite an attempt by Ibn Khaldūn to intercede on behalf of his old rival.
In his autobiography, Ibn Khaldūn tells us little about his conflict with Ibn al-Khatib and the reasons for his departure. The orientalist Muhsin Mahdi interprets this as showing that Ibn Khaldūn later realised that he had completely misjudged Muhammad V.
Back in Africa, the Hafsid sultan of Bougie, Abū ʻAbdallāh, (who had been his companion in prison) received him with great enthusiasm, and made Ibn Khaldūn his prime minister. During this period, Ibn Khaldūn carried out a daring mission to collect taxes among the local Berber tribes. After the death of Abū ʻAbdallāh in 1366, Ibn Khaldūn changed sides once again and allied himself with the Sultan of Tlemcen, Abū l-Abbas. A few years later he was taken prisoner by Abu Faris Abdul Aziz, who had defeated the sultan of Tlemcen and seized the throne. He then entered a monastic establishment, and occupied himself with scholastic duties, until in 1370 he was sent for to Tlemcen by the new sultan. After the death of ʻAbdu l-Azīz, he resided at Fez, enjoying the patronage and confidence of the regent.
Ibn Khaldūn's political skills, above all his good relationship with the wild Berber tribes, were in high demand among the North African rulers, whereas he himself began to tire of politics and constant switching of allegiances. In 1375, sent by Abū Hammu, the ʻAbdu l Wadid Sultan of Tlemcen, on a mission to the Dawadida Arabs tribes of Biskra. Thereafter Ibn Khaldūn returns to the West sought refuge with one of the Berber tribes, in the west of Algeria, in the town of Qalat Ibn Salama. He lived there for over three years under their protection, taking advantage of his seclusion to write the Muqaddimah "Prolegomena", the introduction to his planned history of the world. In Ibn Salama, however, he lacked the necessary texts to complete the work. As a result, in 1378, he returned to his native Tunis, which in the mean time had been conquered by Abū l-Abbas, who took Ibn Khaldūn back into his service. There he devoted himself almost exclusively to his studies and completed his history of the world. His relationship with Abū l-Abbas remained strained, as the latter questioned his loyalty. This was brought into sharp contrast after Ibn Khaldūn presented him with a copy of the completed history omitting the usual panegyric to the ruler. Under pretence of going on the Hajj to Mecca – something a Muslim ruler could not simply refuse permission for – Ibn Khaldūn was able to leave Tunis and sail to Alexandria.
Last years in Egypt[edit]


Ibn Khaldoun Statue and Square, Mohandesin, Cairo
Ibn Khaldun said of Egypt, "He who has not seen it does not know the power of Islam." While other Islamic regions had to cope with border wars and inner strife, under the Mamluks Egypt experienced a period of economic prosperity and high culture. However, even in Egypt, where Ibn Khaldūn lived out his days, he could not stay out of politics completely. In 1384 the Egyptian Sultan, al-Malik udh-Dhahir Barquq, made him Professor of the Qamhiyyah Madrasah, and grand Qadi of the Maliki school of fiqh (one of four schools, the Maliki school was widespread primarily in West Africa). His efforts at reform encountered resistance, however, and within a year he had to resign his judgeship. A contributory factor to his decision to resign may have been the heavy personal blow that struck him in 1384, when a ship carrying his wife and children sank off the coast of Alexandria. Ibn Khaldun now decided to complete the pilgrimage to Makkah after all.
After his return in May 1388, Ibn Khaldūn concentrated more strongly on a purely educational function at various Cairo madrasas. At court he fell out of favor for a time, as during revolts against Barquq he had – apparently under duress – together with other Cairo jurists issued a Fatwa against Barquq. Later relations with Barquq returned to normal, and he was once again named the Maliki qadi. Altogether he was called six times to this high office, which for various reasons he never held long.
In 1401, under Barquq's successor, his son Faraj, Ibn Khaldūn took part in a military campaign against the Mongol conqueror Timur, who besieged Damascus. Ibn Khaldūn cast doubt upon the viability of the venture and didn't really want to leave Egypt. His doubts were vindicated, as the young and inexperienced Faraj, concerned about a revolt in Egypt, left his army to its own devices in Syria and hurried home. Ibn Khaldūn remained at the besieged city for seven weeks, being lowered over the city wall by ropes in order to negotiate with Timur, in a historic series of meetings which he reports extensively in his autobiography. Timur questioned him in detail about conditions in the lands of the Maghreb; at his request, Ibn Khaldūn even wrote a long report about it. As he recognized the intentions behind this, he did not hesitate, on his return to Egypt, to compose an equally extensive report on the history of the Tartars, together with a character study of Timur, sending these to the Merinid rulers in Fez (Maghreb).
Ibn Khaldūn spent the following five years in Cairo completing his autobiography and his history of the world and acting as teacher and judge. During this time he is alleged to have joined an underground party named Rijal Hawa Rijal. Their reform oriented ideals attracted the attention of local political authorities and the elderly Ibn Khaldun was placed under arrest. He died on 19 March 1406, one month after his sixth selection for the office of the Maliki qadi (Judge).
Works[edit]

See also: Muqaddimah and Asabiyyah
When civilization [population] increases, the available labor again increases. In turn, luxury again increases in correspondence with the increasing profit, and the customs and needs of luxury increase. Crafts are created to obtain luxury products. The value realized from them increases, and, as a result, profits are again multiplied in the town. Production there is thriving even more than before. And so it goes with the second and third increase. All the additional labor serves luxury and wealth, in contrast to the original labor that served the necessity of life.[10]
Ibn Khaldun on economic growth
Ibn Khaldūn has left behind few works other than his history of the world, al-Kitābu l-ʻibar. Significantly, such writings are not alluded to in his autobiography, suggesting perhaps that Ibn Khaldūn saw himself first and foremost as a historian and wanted to be known above all as the author of al-Kitābu l-ʻibar. From other sources we know of several other works, primarily composed during the time he spent in North Africa and Al-Andalus. His first book, Lubābu l-Muhassal, a commentary on the Islamic theology of Fakhr al-Din al-Razi, was written at the age of 19 under the supervision of his teacher al-Ābilī in Tunis. A work on Sufism, Sifā'u l-Sā'il, was composed around 1373 in Fes, Morocco. Whilst at the court of Muhammed V, Sultan of Granada, Ibn Khaldūn composed a work on logic, ʻallaqa li-l-Sultān.
The Kitābu l-ʻibār (full title: Kitābu l-ʻibar wa Diwānu l-Mubtada' wa l-Ħabar fī tarikhi l-ʻarab wa l-Barbar wa man ʻĀsarahum min Đawī Ash-Sha'n l-Akbār "Book of lessons, Record of Beginnings and Events in the history of the Arabs and Berbers and their Powerful Contemporaries"), Ibn Khaldūn's main work, was originally conceived as a history of the Berbers. Later, the focus was widened so that in its final form (including its own methodology and anthropology), to represent a so-called "universal history". It is divided into seven books, the first of which, the Muqaddimah, can be considered a separate work. Books two to five cover the history of mankind up to the time of Ibn Khaldūn. Books six and seven cover the history of the Berber peoples and the Maghreb, which remain invaluable to present-day historians, as they are based on Ibn Khaldūn's personal knowledge of the Berbers.[11]
Businesses owned by responsible and organized merchants shall eventually surpass those owned by wealthy rulers.[10]
Ibn Khaldun on economic growth and the ideals of Platonism
Concerning the discipline of sociology, he conceived a theory of social conflict. He developed the dichotomy of sedentary life versus nomadic life as well as the concept of a "generation", and the inevitable loss of power that occurs when desert warriors conquer a city. Following a contemporary Arab scholar, Sati' al-Husri, the Muqaddimah may be read as a sociological work: six books of general sociology. Topics dealt with in this work include politics, urban life, economics, and knowledge. The work is based around Ibn Khaldun's central concept of 'asabiyyah, which has been translated as "social cohesion", "group solidarity", or "tribalism". This social cohesion arises spontaneously in tribes and other small kinship groups; it can be intensified and enlarged by a religious ideology. Ibn Khaldun's analysis looks at how this cohesion carries groups to power but contains within itself the seeds – psychological, sociological, economic, political – of the group's downfall, to be replaced by a new group, dynasty or empire bound by a stronger (or at least younger and more vigorous) cohesion. Ibn Khaldun has been cited as a racist, but his theories on the rise and fall of empires have no racial component, and this reading of his work has been claimed to be the result of mistranslations.[12]
One should then look at the world of creation. It started out from the minerals and progressed, in an ingenious, gradual manner, to plants and animals. The last stage of minerals is connected with the first stage of plants, such as herbs and seedless plants. The last stage of plants, such as palms and vines, is connected with the first stage of animals, such as snails and shellfish which have only the power of touch. The word "connection" with regard to these created things means that the last stage of each group is fully prepared to become the first stage of the next group.
The animal world then widens, its species become numerous, and, in a gradual process of creation, it finally leads to man, who is able to think and to reflect. The higher stage of man is reached from the world of the monkeys, in which both sagacity and perception are found, but which has not reached the stage of actual reflection and thinking. At this point we come to the first stage of man after (the world of monkeys). This is as far as our (physical) observation extends.[13]
Ibn Khaldun on Evolution
Perhaps the most frequently cited observation drawn from Ibn Khaldūn's work is the notion that when a society becomes a great civilization (and, presumably, the dominant culture in its region), its high point is followed by a period of decay. This means that the next cohesive group that conquers the diminished civilization is, by comparison, a group of barbarians. Once the barbarians solidify their control over the conquered society, however, they become attracted to its more refined aspects, such as literacy and arts, and either assimilate into or appropriate such cultural practices. Then, eventually, the former barbarians will be conquered by a new set of barbarians, who will repeat the process. Some contemporary readers of Khaldun have read this as an early business cycle theory, though set in the historical circumstances of the mature Islamic empire.
Ibn Khaldun outlines an early (possibly even the earliest) example of political economy. He describes the economy as being composed of value-adding processes; that is, labour and skill is added to techniques and crafts and the product is sold at a higher value. He also made the distinction between "profit" and "sustenance", in modern political economy terms, surplus and that required for the reproduction of classes respectively. He also calls for the creation of a science to explain society and goes on to outline these ideas in his major work the Muqaddimah.
Legacy[edit]

Ibn Khaldun was first brought to the attention of the Western world in 1697, when a biography of him appeared in Barthélemy d'Herbelot de Molainville's Bibliothèque Orientale. Ibn Khaldun began gaining more attention from 1806, when Silvestre de Sacy's Chrestomathie Arabe included his biography together with a translation of parts of the Muqaddimah as the Prolegomena.[14] In 1816, de Sacy again published a biography with a more detailed description on the Prolegomena.[15] More details on and partial translations of the Prolegomena emerged over the years until the complete Arabic edition was published in 1858, followed by a complete French translation a few years later by de Sacy.[16] Since then, the work of Ibn Khaldun has been extensively studied in the Western world with special interest.[17]
British historian Arnold J. Toynbee called the Muqaddimah "a philosophy of history which is undoubtedly the greatest work of its kind that has ever yet been created by any mind in any time or place."[18]
The British philosopher Robert Flint wrote the following on Ibn Khaldun: "...as a theorist of history he had no equal in any age or country until Vico appeared, more than three hundred years later. Plato, Aristotle, and Augustine were not his peers, and all others were unworthy of being even mentioned along with him".
Abderrahmane Lakhsassi writes: "No historian of the Maghreb since and particularly of the Berbers can do without his historical contribution."[19]
The British philosopher-anthropologist Ernest Gellner considered Ibn Khaldun's definition of government, "an institution which prevents injustice other than such as it commits itself", the best in the history of political theory.[20]
Egon Orowan, who termed the concept of socionomy, was influenced by Ibn Khaldun's ideas on the evolution of societies.[21]
Arthur Laffer, whom the Laffer curve is named after, noted that, among others, some of Ibn Khaldun's ideas precede his own.[22]
In 2004, the Tunisian Community Center launched the first Ibn Khaldun award for the Tunisian American Student of the Year, as an honor to Ibn Khaldun's contribution in Tunisia.
In 2006, the Atlas Economic Research Foundation launched an annual essay contest [1][dead link] for Muslim students named in Ibn Khaldun's honor. The theme of the contest is "how individuals, think tanks, universities and entrepreneurs can influence government policies to allow the free market to flourish and improve the lives of its citizens based on Islamic teachings and traditions."
In 2006, Spain commemorated the 600th anniversary of the death of Ibn Khaldun. [2]

Ibn Taymiyyah
Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.
Taqi ad-Din Ahmad ibn Taymiyyah (nama penuh Taqī ad-Dīn Abu 'l Abbās Ahmad ibn 'Abd al-Halīm ibn 'Abd as-Salām Ibn Taymiya al-Harrānī; bahasa Arab: تقي الدين أبو العباس أحمد بن عبد السلام بن عبد الله ابن تيمية الحراني) adalah seorang sarjana Sunni yang lahir (22 Januari 1263 – 1328) di Harran, Turki. Beliau hidup semasa zaman kekacauan yang menyaksikan pencerobohan Mongol. Sebagai seorang yang bermazhab Hanbali, beliau mahu melihat masyarakat Islam kembali kepada sumber al-Quran dan as-Sunnah.


Ibnu Taimiyah lahir pada tahun 1263 di Harran di dalam keluarga yang alim. Sebuah buku biografi kurun ke-15 bertajuk At-Tibyan li badi'at al-Bayan (التبيان لبديعة البيان) menulis beliau adalah dari keturunan puak Arab Banu Numayr. Datuk beliau, Abu al-Barkat Majd ad-deen ibn Taymiyyah al-Hanbali (meninggal dunia pada tahun 1255), adalah seorang guru terkenal dalam mazhab Hanbali. Bapa Ibnu Taimiyah, Shihabuddeen Abd al-Haleem ibn Taymiyyah (meninggal dunia pada tahun 1284) juga dikenali dengan pencapaiannya ilmunya yang membanggakan.
Apabila tentera Mongol menceroboh, keluarga Ibnu Taimiyah berpindah ke Damsyik pada tahun 1258 yang pada masa itu diperintah oleh kerajaan Mamluk yang berpusat di Mesir. Di Damsyik, bapanya menyampaikan kuliah agama di Masjid Umayyad dan Ibnu Taimiyyah mengikut jejak bapanya dengan belajar dari sarjana Islam terulung pada masa itu, di antaranya ilmu hadith dari Zaynab binti Makki.
Ibnu Taimiyah adalah seorang pelajar yang rajin dan membiasakan diri beliau dengan ilmu agama dan sains pada zaman itu. Beliau juga memberi tumpuan khusus kepada sastera Arab dan berjaya menguasai nahu dan tatabahasa Arab serta matematik dan kaligrafi. Beliau mempelajari fiqah dari bapanya dan menguasai ilmu tentang al-Quran dan Hadith. Beliau juga belajar mengenai ilmu kalam, falsafah, dan sufisme yang kemudiannya dikritik hebat oleh beliau.
Keberanian beliau terserlah ketika beliau bersama delegasi ulama mengadap Qazaan, seorang Khan Tartar, untuk memintanya menghentikan serangan ke atas orang Islam. Tiada seorang pun ulama yang berani berkata-kata kecuali Ibnu Taimiyah yang berkata: "Kamu mendakwa kamu seorang Islam dan kamu mempunyai Mu'adhdhin, Mufti, Imam dan Sheikh tetapi kamu menceroboh kami dan datang ke negeri kami untuk apa? Walaupun bapa dan datuk kamu, Hulagu seorang kafir, mereka tidak menyerang dan mematuhi janji mereka. Kamu pula berjanji tetapi ingkar."[1]
Hukuman[sunting | sunting sumber]
Kerana Ibnu Taimiya seorang yang berani dan mempunyai pendirian yang teguh, beliau telah dipenjarakan beberapa kali kerana bertentangan pandangan dengan ahli agama yang lain.
Pada awal tahun 1293 beliau berkonflik dengan pihak berkuasa tempatan kerana membantah hukuman agama ke atas seorang Kristian yang dituduh menghina Nabi Muhammad. Pada tahun 1298 beliau dituduh menyebar fahaman anthropomorphisme (menyamakan sifat manusia ke atas Tuhan) dan kerana mempersoalkan ilmu kalam.
Beliau mengepelai barisan pertahanan ketika pencerobohan Mongol ke atas Damsyik pada tahun 1300. Pada tahun berikutnya, Ibnu Taimiyah berhadapan dengan polemik terhadap (1) Syiah Kasrawan di Lebanon, (2) aliran Sufi Rifa'i, dan (3) aliran ittihadiyah yang berasal dari ajaran Ibnu Arabi, yang beliau anggap menyesatkan.
Pada tahun 1306, Ibnu Taimiyah dipenjaran di Mesir selama 18 bulan kerana dituduh menyokong fahaman anthropomorphisme (menyamakan sifat manusia ke atas Tuhan). Beliau dipenjarakan kembali pada tahun 1308 untuk beberapa bulan.
Ibnu Taimiyah menghabiskan 15 tahun terakhirnya di Damsyik bersama murid-muridnya. Seorang muridnya yang terkenal adalah Ibnu Qayyim. Pada bulan Ogos 1320 sehingga Februari 1321, Ibnu Taimiyah dipenjarakan di Damsyik kerana menyokong doktrin tentang talak (talak tiga boleh dilakukan dengan satu talak).
Pada bulan Julai 1326, kerajaan Mesir sekali lagi mengarahkan beliau dipenjarakan kerana beliau terus mengutuk tradisi melawat kubur orang alim. Beliau meninggal dunia di dalam kurungan di Damsyik pada malam Isnin 27 September 1328 ketika berumur 65 tahun. Beliau dimakamkan di Damsyik berdekatan dengan kubur ibunya.
Ibnu Taimiyah terkenal dengan daya ingatannya yang kuat dan ilmunya yang seperti sebuah ensiklopedia.

Hari Raya Aidiladha

Hari Raya Aidiladha (bahasa Arab: عيد الأضحى 'Eid Ul-Adha) atau Hari Raya Haji merupakan perayaan yang dirayakan oleh umat Islam di seluruh dunia. Ia adalah perayaan terbesar di dalam Islam selain Aidilfitri yang disambut pada setiap 1 Syawal. Aidiladha disambut pada hari ke-10, 11, 12 dan 13 bulan Zulhijjah setiap tahun. Bermula dengan Takbir Aidiladha pada malam 10 Zulhijjah, diikuti dengan solat sunat Aidiladha serta khutbah Aidiladha di pagi 10 Zulhijjah, sambutan diikuti dengan ibadah korban yang boleh dilakukan samada pada 10 atau 11 atau 12 atau siang 13 Zulhijjah, semua hari-hari ini dipanggil Hari Tasyrik.
Aidiladha adalah perayaan yang istimewa kerana ia merupakan hari untuk umat Islam memperingati kisah pengorbanan Nabi Ibrahim a.s. dalam menunaikan perintah Allah dan kesabaran anaknya Nabi Ismail a.s. dalam memenuhi perintah Allah SWT.
Selain itu, salah satu keistimewaan Aidiladha dan Hari Tasyrik ialah ibadat korban. Ibadat korban ini hanya boleh dilakukan dalam empat hari iaitu bermula waktu selepas khatib menyampaikan khutbah Aidiladha sehingga sebelum tenggelam matahari pada hari ke-13 Zulhijah.
Dari segi bahasa, korban bermaksud dekat, manakala dari segi istilah ia bermaksud menjalankan perintah agama atau taat kepada perintah Allah kerana ingin mendekatkan diri kepada-Nya.
Hari Raya Korban jatuh pada hari kesepuluh pada bulan Zulhijjah, bulan terakhir pada kalender Hijrah Islam. 10 Zulhijjah merupakan tarikh penting dalam sejarah Islam di mana Nabi Adam dan isterinya Hawa dikeluarkan dari syurga dan diturunkan ke bumi sebelum berjumpa di padang Arafah, di luar bandar Mekah.
Pada hari raya, orang Islam disunatkan mengenakan pakaian yang paling cantik, paling bersih, dan juga mengenakan wangi-wangian. Pada pagi hari raya korban, umat Islam akan mengerjakan sembahyang sunat Hari Raya sebanyak 2 rakaat dengan 7 takbir pada rakaat pertama diikuti 5 takbir pada rakaat kedua.
Pada kebiasaannya solat sunat Aidiladha dicepatkan sedikit berbanding solat sunat Aidilfitri. Hikmahnya dicepatkan sedikit waktu solat sunat Aidiladha adalah bagi memberi lebih banyak masa untuk penyembelihan korban. Hikmahnya dilewatkan sedikit solat sunat Aidilfitri pula adalah bagi membenarkan peluang bagi mereka yang belum membayar zakat menunaikan kewajipan mereka dan disunatkan makan dahulu sebelum pergi ke masjid. [1]
Manakala bagi Aidiladha, hikmat disunatkan makan selepasnya supaya makanan yang mula-mula dimakan pada hari itu ialah daging korban yang berkat. Selepas bersembahyang, upacara korban akan dimulakan. Lembu, kambing, dan biri-biri yang dikorbankan akan disembelih secara beramai-ramai di kawasan masjid sebelum dibahagi-bahagikan dagingnya kepada orang ramai terutamanya kepada golongan fakir miskin.
Hari Raya Aidiladha disambut ketika umat Islam membuat penziarahan ke Makkah, mengunjung Kaabah dan melakukan korban sembelihan. Al-Quran tidak menyatakan, tetapi umat Islam memegang bahawa perayaan korban ini memperingati kesanggupan Nabi Ibrahim untuk menyerahkan anaknya sebagai korban kepada Tuhan.
Selepas sembahyang, sekali lagi umat Islam akan berbondong-bondong melawati perkuburan orang yang disayangi. Semua orang akan memakai pakaian bersih dan ceria dan selepas itu yang muda akan memohon kemaafan daripada yang tua. Selepas itu semua orang akan menjamah pelbagai juadah yang disediakan sebelum ziarah dan menziarahi sesama mereka.
Hari Raya Aidiladha dalam hadis[sunting | sunting sumber]



Korban lembu di ladang 16, UPM, Malaysia.
Berdasarkan kepada hadis (terjemahan) yang diriwayatkan oleh Abu Daud daripada Anas r.a, yang bermaksud: "Rasulullah SAW datang ke Madinah, sedangkan mereka sedang sibuk bergembira selama dua hari. Maka Rasulullah SAW bertanya: Hari apakah yang dua hari ini? Mereka menjawab: Kami biasa bergembira selama dua hari pada zaman Jahiliah: Kemudian Rasulullah bersabda: "Sesungguhnya Allah SWT telah menggantikannya dengan hari yang lebih baik daripada dua hari itu bagi kamu iaitu Aidilfitri dan Aidiladha." (Diriwayatkan Imam Abu Daud dan an-Nasai daripada Anas)
Berdasarkan kepada hadis (terjemahan) “Tiada amal anak Adam yang lebih disukai Allah pada hari Aidiladha melainkan ibadat korban. Sesungguhnya binatang yang dikorbankan itu akan datang pada hari kiamat lengkap dengan tanduk, bulu dan kukunya. Sesungguhnya ibadat korban ini diredhai Allah sebelum darah binatang itu jatuh ke bumi. Maka hendaklah kamu berasa lapang dada dan reda akan ibadat korban yang kamu lakukan.” (Hadis riwayat At-Tirmizi)
Berdasarkan sebuah hadis (terjemahan) yang telah diriwayatkan oleh Imam Tirmizi dan Al-Hakim yang bermaksud: "Tiada dibuat oleh anak Adam pada Hari Raya Adha akan sesuatu amal yang lebih disukai Allah daripada menumpahkan darah (menyembelih korban). Bahawa korban itu datang pada hari kiamat dengan tanduk-tanduknya, bulu-bulunya dan kuku-kukunya. Sesungguhnya darah korban itu mengambil tempat yang mulia di sisi Allah sebelum darah itu tumpah ke bumi, maka hendaklah kamu buat korban itu dengan hati yang bersih."
Berdasarkan sebuah hadis (terjemahan) Ibnu Abbas dan Jabir bin Abdullah Al-Ansariy r.a:
Diriwayatkan daripada Ibnu Juraij katanya: Aku telah diberitahu oleh Ata' daripada Ibnu Abbas dan Jabir bin Abdullah Al-Ansariy r.a kedua-duanya berkata: Tidak ada azan bagi sembahyang Hari Raya Fitrah (Aidilfitri) dan sembahyang Hari Raya Korban (Aidiladha). Selepas beberapa ketika aku bertanya Ata' tentang perkara tersebut: Lantas dia menjawab dengan berkata: Aku telah diberitahu oleh Jabir bin Abdullah Al-Ansariy r.a bahawa: Tidak ada azan bagi sembahyang Hari Raya Fitrah (Aidilfitri), baik ketika imam keluar atau sesudahnya. Juga tiada iqamat atau apa-apa pu